A Legacy of Strength and Honor
Bökh, which means “firmness, reliability, vitality” is an integral part of Mongolian cultural heritage. Mongolian Traditional Wrestling known as “Bokh” is one of the oldest and most respected sports in Mongolia. “Bokh” is not just a form of physical competition but also a symbol of respect and endurance. It is a game of strategy, weight and strength.
History and Origins
Bokh dates back over thousand years during Bronze age and was a key part of Mongolian warrior training during the era of Genghis Khan. The sport helped to build strength, agility, and discipline among soldiers. Historical accounts indicate that Bökh was used to select the strongest warriors for battle, making it an essential part of Mongolian heritage.
Rules and Techniques
Unlike many other wrestling styles, Bökh does not have weight classes, allowing competitors of all sizes to face each other. The primary objective is to make the opponent touch the ground with any part of body other than their feet or hands. This unique rule requires wrestlers to develop a lower center of gravity, exceptional balance, and the ability to execute intricate throws and takedowns. Wrestlers use a variety of techniques, including throws, trips, and grips, to gain an advantage over their opponents. Especially in Naadam, although there are no time limits for a bout, it is generally understood that a match shouldn’t take a very long, especially in the lower rounds. In addition, striking, choking or locking is illegal. “Zasuul” literally means fixer is an old coach who holds wrestler’s hat and give him motivation and encouragement during match. Sometimes a zasuul will sing a praise of his wrestler to open a challenge from that side in the higher rounds, and the other side’s zasuul will also respond with his own praise of his wrestler. Only successful wrestlers and those that get to the higher rounds get their own zasuul. Victory is determined by skill, strength, and tactical intelligence rather than brute force alone.Mongolian wrestling also has certain codes of conduct that concern more with good sportsmanship. For example, when a wrestler’s clothes get loose or entangled, his opponent is expected to stop attacking and help the former to re-arrange them—even though it might mean giving up a good winning opportunity. Also, when one contestant throws the other to the ground, he is supposed to help the latter get back on his feet. After a bout loser of the wrestlers go under the other’s arm to formally conclude the match. Whether winning or losing, good manners dictate that the two opponents shake hands and salute each other and the audience. In Mongolia the wrestler imitates falcons or phoenix taking off (devee). Today, apart from its aesthetic value, the dance is also regarded as a warm-up and cool-down procedure before and after an intense fight. This dance also shows respect to the judges and the audience. Unlike Judo, Mongolian Wrestling has double and single leg takedowns. Mongolian wrestlers start their training early in childhood. By the time they’re seven or eight years old, they’ve usually started to learn the basic moves and principles of Mongolian wrestling from their fathers or grandfathers.
Traditional Attire and Rituals
Bökh wrestlers wear a unique uniform that consists of :
- Zodog – A short-sleeved, open-chested vest made of silk.
- Shuudag – Tight-fitting shorts made of silk.
- Gutal – Traditional leather boots with upturned toes, designed for agility and stability.
- Malgai– a pointed-top traditional hat
Zodog is always in blue color symbolizing eternal blue sky, whereas shuudag is in red color symbolizing that Mongolian bokh may attract audience forever. At some point in history, Mongolian wrestling clothes were made in relatively different colors due to various religious influences and since 1921, red zodog and blue shuudag have been used. The color of zodog and shuudag also symbolizes Mongolian flag.
Bökh and the Naadam Festival
Naadam, held in July, is the most prestigious national event where the best wrestlers from across the country compete. Titles such as “Lion,” “Elephant,” and “Falcon” are awarded to the most successful competitors, further solidifying their status in Mongolian society. When the Naadam begins, wrestlers line up according to their rank from the left and right wings and circle their respective positions. For the Naadam of Ulaanbaatar, the matches are held in a large stadium, while in countryside for smaller scale Naadams the matches are generally held in a small stadium or on an open grassy field.
Cultural Significance
Beyond being a physical contest, Bökh represents respect, discipline, and the warrior spirit of Mongolia. Wrestlers are often role models in their communities, embodying values such as perseverance and humility. The sport has been passed down through generations, reinforcing its importance in Mongolian identity.
Modern Influence and International Recognition
While Bökh remains a national treasure, Mongolian wrestlers have also found success in international wrestling, judo, and sumo. Many Mongolian sumo wrestlers in Japan, such as Hakuho, have gained worldwide recognition, demonstrating the effectiveness of Bökh training on the global stage.
Conclusion
Mongolian traditional wrestling is more than just a sport—it is a cherished cultural practice that reflects the country’s history, values, and warrior spirit. With its deep-rooted traditions and evolving influence, Bökh continues to inspire generations of athletes and remains a proud symbol of Mongolian heritage.